What Is a Telecentric Lens? Object-Space Telecentricity, Perspective Error, and Machine Vision Alternatives
A guide to object-space telecentricity, image-space telecentricity, and perspective error, plus when standard M12 or C-mount optics are the right choice instead.
A telecentric lens is a lens in which the chief rays on at least one side of the system run parallel to the optical axis instead of converging toward a finite point. In the object-space form used for machine vision metrology, the entrance pupil sits at optical infinity, so apparent object size stays constant as the object shifts slightly in depth.
Telecentric lenses are not a Commonlands product. This page explains the concept so engineers can decide whether they need one or whether a standard M12 or C-mount lens already solves the problem.
What is object-space telecentricity?
Object-space telecentricity is a lens property in which the entrance pupil sits at optical infinity on the object side. Chief rays from every field point travel parallel to the optical axis before entering the lens, so magnification stays much more constant when the object moves slightly closer to or farther from the lens than it would with a standard lens of the same focal length.
The entrance pupil is the image of the aperture stop seen from the object side. In a standard lens it sits at a finite distance, so a chief ray's angle of arrival changes when the object moves axially, and apparent size changes with it. Placing the aperture stop at the rear focal plane of the front group maps that pupil to infinity and holds the object-side chief rays parallel.
No lens is perfectly telecentric across the full field at every distance. Telecentric error is specified as a maximum chief-ray angle in degrees, milliradians, or arc-minutes, and checked against the measurement tolerance for tight metrology work.
Pupil location and aperture size are independent. The entrance pupil position sets telecentricity. F-number sets depth of field and light throughput. An object-space telecentric lens can be built with a wide or narrow aperture. The stop location, not its diameter, is what makes the design telecentric.
The geometry also costs size: the front element must be at least as large as the object field, so a lens covering a 50mm field needs a front element of at least 50mm, and these systems often run stopped down with bright LED illumination.
Object-space telecentricity does not increase depth of field. At a given magnification, depth of field is set by f-number and pixel pitch, the same as any lens (estimate it with the depth-of-field calculator). What it changes is how reliably an object measures the same size across that depth of field, which is what dimensional measurement needs and detection does not.
What is image-space telecentricity?
Image-space telecentricity is a lens property in which the exit pupil sits at optical infinity on the image side. Chief rays arrive near-perpendicular to the sensor across the full field instead of at progressively steeper angles toward the corners. It is a sensor-coupling property, not a measurement-accuracy property, and it does not stabilize magnification versus object distance.
Both pupils are images of the same aperture stop. In most lenses they sit at finite distances, so the chief ray angle (CRA) at the sensor increases with field position, reaching 20°–30° at the corners of some large-format designs. Placing the aperture stop at the front focal plane of the rear group sends the exit pupil to infinity instead.
The benefit is at the sensor. CMOS sensors use microlenses shifted progressively from center to corner to match an expected CRA. If the actual angles exceed what that design expects, corner pixels lose fill factor. That produces shading, and on color sensors, it also shifts corner color. Holding incidence near zero removes the gradient. That matters most for large-format sensors (1" and above) with strict CRA specs and much less for small formats with relaxed tolerance.
Image-space telecentricity does not guarantee constant magnification versus object distance, and object-space telecentricity does not guarantee near-normal chief ray incidence at the sensor. They are independent properties solving independent problems. A bi-telecentric lens is required if an application needs both.
Image-space telecentricity does not fix distortion or MTF. A lens can still show barrel distortion or poor full-aperture MTF, so evaluate those separately. To decide whether you need it, compare the sensor's maximum CRA spec at the image corner to the lens's expected CRA there. Commonlands M12 and C-mount lenses target the small- and medium-format sensors common in embedded vision, where relaxed CRA tolerance usually makes it unnecessary.
What is perspective error?
Perspective error is the measurement error that occurs when a conventional entocentric lens views a scene through an angular field of view. Because all chief rays converge toward a single entrance pupil at a finite distance, a feature at one working distance subtends a different angle, and measures a different size, than the same feature slightly closer or farther from the lens. It is a consequence of projection geometry, not a lens aberration.
This is why perspective error and lens distortion are different problems. Distortion is a fixed optical aberration that misplaces image points relative to an ideal rectilinear grid. It is repeatable and can be characterized and removed through calibration. Perspective error depends on the 3D position of each scene point, which changes from part to part, so no fixed calibration removes it. A lens can measure less than 0.1% distortion and still produce substantial perspective error if part height or working distance varies.
| Error type | Root cause | What changes | Typical fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lens distortion | Optical aberration in lens elements | Image point position vs. ideal rectilinear grid | Low-distortion lens; software calibration |
| Perspective error | Angular field of view, central projection | Magnification when object distance changes | Object-space telecentric lens; fixed flat scene at constant working distance |
| Parallax error (related) | Central projection through a finite entrance pupil, combined with scene depth | Feature appears laterally shifted based on height | Object-space telecentric lens; controlled, fixed working distance |
For a rough estimate, the magnification change across a height variation h at working distance d is approximately h/(d - f), which simplifies to h/d when the working distance is large relative to focal length. A 5mm tall part at 200mm introduces roughly 2.5% variation between its near and far faces. Whether that is acceptable depends on the tolerance, and for sub-pixel metrology it usually is not. Use the field-of-view calculator to check magnification at your working distance.
It shows up most in tall or tilted parts and in setups with variable working distance, and is largely irrelevant for flat parts at a fixed working distance or for presence/absence checks.
A related effect is parallax error: the same projection that changes apparent size with depth also shifts an off-axis feature laterally in proportion to its height. Both are addressed the same way, by fixing working distance mechanically where possible and moving to object-space telecentric optics when fixturing cannot hold depth inside the tolerance budget. Software distortion correction is not a substitute, because that error depends on each part's geometry, not a fixed lens property.
What is an entocentric lens?
An entocentric lens is a conventional lens in which all chief rays converge toward a single entrance pupil at a finite distance inside the optical system. Objects farther from the lens appear smaller in the image. This central projection is the standard behavior of ordinary lenses, and the term entocentric simply describes it. It does not imply lower quality. Most M12 and C-mount lenses used in machine vision are entocentric unless a product page explicitly states telecentric.
The thin-lens relationship shows why magnification tracks distance: image height equals focal length times object height, divided by (object distance minus focal length). Focused at one working distance, magnification is fixed there, but if the object shifts even a few millimeters, image height changes proportionally. For a 50mm lens at a 500mm working distance, a 5mm shift changes magnification by roughly 1.1%, which can matter for a system targeting sub-1% accuracy.
Entocentric lenses remain the right default for most machine vision work. Commonlands supplies M12 and C-mount entocentric optics for general inspection, assembly verification, robotic guidance, and barcode or QR reading. They also cover flat or nearly flat parts imaged at a consistent working distance, and wide fields of view where a telecentric front element would grow large and expensive.
Entocentric lenses can still support dimensional measurement when scene geometry is favorable, with careful calibration. The limiting factor is whether depth variation in the scene stays inside the measurement tolerance. Treating entocentric as a lesser category misreads the term: it describes projection geometry, not image quality.
Telecentric vs. entocentric lenses: the key differences
The three telecentric configurations are easy to conflate. This table separates them by which pupil sits at infinity and which problem each one solves, including where a standard entocentric lens fits.
| Configuration | Pupil at infinity | What stays controlled | Where it matters |
|---|---|---|---|
| Object-space telecentric | Entrance pupil | Magnification vs. object distance | Dimensional measurement, gauging, height-variable parts |
| Image-space telecentric | Exit pupil | Chief ray angle at the sensor | Large-format sensors with strict CRA tolerance |
| Bi-telecentric | Both | Both of the above simultaneously | High-precision metrology requiring uniform sensor coupling too |
| Entocentric (standard) | Neither | Nothing explicitly constrained | General detection, inspection, robotics, barcode reading |
When a machine-vision catalog says "telecentric" without qualification, it means the object-space form unless stated otherwise. If a vendor lists "bi-telecentric," verify it against the exit pupil specification. Telecentricity, MTF, and distortion are independent specifications, and none substitutes for the others. When the tolerance budget allows a standard lens, Commonlands M12 and C-mount entocentric optics cover the same inspection work at lower cost and size.
Telecentric or standard: how to choose
Telecentric lenses solve one problem: magnification stability when object depth cannot be perfectly controlled. The clearest cases are precision dimensional gauging to fractions of a millimeter where parts cannot sit at a fixed distance, height-variation inspection where thickness differences or board warp would shift apparent dimensions into false accepts or rejects, and metrology that must hold calibration over long runs despite small drift along the Z axis.
The common factor is depth variation that cannot be removed mechanically. Telecentric optics earn their place when perspective error is a significant fraction of tolerance, not because telecentricity reads as a premium feature.
Most applications do not clear that bar, and a standard low-distortion lens is the right answer more often than engineers assume:
- Detection, presence-absence, and classification, where tight dimensional measurement is not required.
- Parts fixtured accurately enough that depth variation stays small relative to working distance.
- Setups needing working-distance flexibility, since standard lenses focus over a range and telecentric lenses have a fixed conjugate.
- Deployments where size, weight, or cost rules out a large telecentric front element.
Check magnification with the field-of-view calculator and focal length with the EFL calculator. Commonlands does not stock telecentric lenses, but its engineering team can help run that tolerance math for a standard M12 or C-mount alternative.
Telecentric lens manufacturers: where to buy
Commonlands does not stock telecentric lenses. The manufacturers below are established sources for object-space and bi-telecentric optics in industrial machine vision, each a lens maker with a catalog telecentric line, listed with where it is based and what it is known for.
| Manufacturer | Headquarters | Product focus | Known for |
|---|---|---|---|
| Opto Engineering | Italy | Dedicated telecentric and machine-vision optics | Broad telecentric catalog spanning object-space and bi-telecentric lines |
| Edmund Optics | USA | Catalog optics and machine-vision lenses | TECHSPEC telecentric range, large stock, fast shipping |
| VS Technology | Japan | Machine-vision lenses | Telecentric and high-resolution industrial lenses |
| Moritex | Japan | Machine-vision optics and lighting | Telecentric lenses paired with matched illumination |
| Sill Optics | Germany | Telecentric, scan, and f-theta optics | Telecentric measurement lenses and custom designs |
| Computar | Japan | Machine-vision and CCTV lenses | Entry-level telecentric line alongside standard lenses |
Standard-lens alternatives from Commonlands
These are entocentric lenses, not telecentric ones. They fit when controlled fixturing, working distances long relative to part height, or a tolerance budget that absorbs residual perspective error mean telecentricity is not required. Each offers low geometric distortion, which addresses in-plane accuracy, a separate property from magnification stability across depth.
The M12 vs. C-mount guide covers the mechanical differences between the two mount families. The choice turns on sensor format, working distance, and whether adjustable-iris depth-of-field control is needed, not on telecentricity.
Frequently asked questions
What is a telecentric lens?
A telecentric lens is one whose chief rays, on at least one side of the system, run parallel to the optical axis instead of converging toward a finite point. The common object-space form places the entrance pupil at optical infinity, so apparent object size stays constant across the usable depth range.
What is object-space telecentricity?
Object-space telecentricity means the entrance pupil sits at optical infinity on the object side. Chief rays from every field point travel parallel to the axis, so magnification stays much more constant as the object shifts slightly in depth. This is the form used for dimensional measurement.
What is image-space telecentricity?
Image-space telecentricity means the exit pupil sits at optical infinity on the image side, so chief rays arrive near-perpendicular to the sensor across the field. It improves coupling with sensor microlenses and can reduce corner shading, but it does not stabilize magnification versus object distance.
Is a telecentric lens the same as a low-distortion lens?
No. Low distortion describes how faithfully a lens maps straight lines within a plane. Telecentricity describes chief-ray direction and whether magnification is stable versus depth. A lens can have very low distortion and still show perspective error. They correct different problems.
Does Commonlands sell telecentric lenses?
No. Telecentric lenses are not a current Commonlands product. This page is educational, explaining object-space telecentricity, image-space telecentricity, and perspective error so engineers can determine whether their application truly needs telecentric optics or whether a standard M12 lens or C-mount lens already meets the measurement tolerance.
Selecting a lens for your inspection setup?
Telecentric optics are not a Commonlands product, but standard M12 and C-mount lenses cover the large majority of machine vision applications. Use the free calculators to check field of view and depth of field for your working distance, or contact engineering to talk through a specific measurement tolerance.